Data collection focused on dogs' response to two commands: “Come” (recall to trainer) and “Sit” (place hindquarters on ground). The 3 groups were: E-collar-manufacturer-nominated trainers who used electronic stimuli as part of their training program Control 1-the same trainers following practices they would apply when not using electronic stimuli and Control 2-independent, professional trainers who focused primarily on positive reinforcement for their training. A total of 63 dogs with known off-lead behavioral problems such as poor recall were allocated to one of three training groups (each n = 21), receiving up to 150 min of training over 5 days to improve recall and general obedience. We assessed the efficacy of dog training with and without remote electronic collars compared to training with positive reinforcement. Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.
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